U.S.–China Economic Relations After 2025: The Era of “Reciprocity and Fairness” Arrives

The 2025 National Security Strategy signals a decisive realignment in how Washington intends to manage its economic relationship with China. The language is neither the broad confrontation of the previous decade nor the optimistic interactionism of earlier eras. Instead, the NSS establishes a new baseline built on “reciprocity and fairness,” a deliberate tightening of access, transparency, and national-security screening rather than a break in economic engagement. For Chinese and Asian firms linked to U.S. markets, this shift is not theoretical. It will define tariff structures, compliance expectations, supply-chain configurations, and market-entry strategies through the remainder of the decade.

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